Inheritance

The garden I've inherited
(author's own photo)

When I was 4 years old my dad sat me down and showed me the atlas. He pointed to Canada and told me we were going on a big boat to live there and that is what we did. In the holidays Mum and Dad took us camping by the lakes in the big Canadian forests. I remember sometimes we went to the Algonquin National Park. Dad liked exploring “virgin forest” and looking for moose. Luckily he never got close to one. He had romantic notions about unspoilt “Urwalt” picked up from reading Karl May books as a teenager.

I remember being scared once when Dad took us all looking for bears. I was glad that we didn't see any on that occasion. When we did it was a mother Black Bear and her two cubs foraging at the back of the campsite garbage dump with us safely on the other side, not far from our car. On another evening when we were eating dinner outside our tent we heard wolves howling in the distance, which was also a bit scary for a little girl who had been brought up in the suburbs of a country where dangerous animals had almost all been exterminated in earlier centuries.

I did find it interesting to see a beaver dam though. It was only a passing glimpse as we drove past but I can still recall that image. Closer to home I liked to see the small jewel coloured hummingbirds which visited the Nicotiana flowers, which my parents had planted in the front garden.

After a few years we returned to England because Mum missed her family and friends. She never learned to drive and the bus service in Burlington wasn’t good. My mum and I were both born in Hampshire as my grandmother, her mother and at least three more generations of my great grandmother’s family had been.

Back home my dad had to make do with walks in the New Forest, a large part of which was plantations between open areas of heathland. The pockets of native trees, some of which were probably the remains of ancient forest, had a much wider variety of plants and birds for me to spot. I went to one of those areas on a fungus foray organised by my school. Thankfully much of the New Forest still remains in tact today.

On country walks in the New Forest or in the countryside around where we lived my mum would tell me the names of the wildflowers and the birds which we saw, just like her mother had done when she was a girl. She had walked for miles with her mother from a young age and then cycled longer distances with her family when she was old enough. My father passed on a love of trees and forests in particular and my mother, her love of birds, butterflies and wildflowers, but they both loved nature and I have inherited that love and respect of the natural world.

I remember flocks of lapwings on fields near my house in the Autumn. Close by is an area named Peewit Hill, so lapwings (aka peewits) had been common there for a good while. I think they continued to visit after the big Tesco store was built, but then the fields stopped being ploughed and were used for car boot sales. The lapwings stopped coming. Now there are houses where the fields once were.

All around me many of the fields and woods of my childhood have been built on. I appreciate that people need to live somewhere and the demand for houses in the South East is very high. It would help everyone in the UK if jobs were spread more evenly over the whole country. As it isn't some areas suffer from high unemployment and empty buildings while others have to suffer the destruction of the countryside and an increase in noise and pollution with regular traffic jams at busy times. 

Since the Industrial Revolutions Britain has lost 50% of its biodiversity (wild plants and animals), leaving some key species on the edge of extinction. We have lost much of this in the last 50 years, so in my own lifetime. I mourn the lack of birdsong and the loss of so many wildflowers, and the fact that we're driving hedgehogs, common toads and turtledoves to extinction, but it's not just about sentiment; without a healthy environment, inhabited by healthy populations of a wide range of wildlife, we will be less resilient to climate change and food could become scarcer.

You can read more about what scientists at London's Natural History Museum have discovered about the state of nature in Britain here.

I have been lucky to inherit my parents' garden. I worry what sort of world my children will inherit, so I shall do what I can to improve the environment in my garden to provide what habitats and food for wildlife I can in that space. It already has bushes where birds make their nests and I'm busy adding more flowers to try to provide nectar and pollen for as many months as possible. I've planted some flat open flowers like daisies and single dahlias, as well as penstemons and foxgloves for insects which prefer tubular flowers. Variety is the key to feeding a wide range of pollinators. If everyone in Britain did what they could to help wildlife, nature in Britain would be in a better state.

I'd love to hear what you're doing to help nature.

Eating to Save the Planet

A tasty veggie burrito with salad
in the Sustainability Centre Cafe

Consumers Choices Decide the Future

However bad global warming gets it's unlikely to destroy Planet Earth. When we talk about saving the planet we really mean saving human beings and the other lifeforms we share our planet with. The choices we make today, this year and for the rest of this decade are likely to decided whether our children inherit a warmer planet which is a bit more difficult to live on but has most of the animals they grew up with and on which most areas are still habitable, or whether they inherit a planet on which most lifeforms will soon die out. 

It's therefore vital that we choose wisely and carefully in order to give our children and grandchildren the best possible chance of a decent future without any more unnecessary suffering than is normal in the world as we know it

What we eat has an affect on our own health, but it also has an affect on the health of the climate and our environment, and so on the health of every living thing.  This means that the choices we make are crucial in shaping the future of life on our planet.

Eat Organic

If we choose some organic produce, not only are we consuming less potentially harmful chemicals, but the  fewer toxic chemicals there will be in the environment from spraying them onto conventionally grown crops and into the surrounding environment, and from rain washing those toxic chemicals into rivers and other water courses. This will help insects and all manner of other wildlife to have a better chance of survival, and we saw I my last blog how important wildlife, and particularly insects, are for a liveable climate and a thriving environment.

Moreover artificial fertilisers, weedkillers, fungicides and pesticides are all made from fossil fuels, so the more of them being used, the worse global warming with become.

You can buy organic fruit and veg in supermarkets or from veg box schemes, or you could grow your own.

Less Meat

If we eat less meat, fewer forests will need to be chopped down to grow grass for grazing. 

We need more farms like Racy Ghyll Farm, run by James Rebanks and his family the Lake District and other people like them, who sometimes call themselves regenerative farmers. They are not intensive farmers. Rebanks moves his stock around regularly so that no area of pasture is overgrazed allowing nature to thrive on his farm. He has also restored hedgerows which had been ripped out when larger fields with room for large farm machinery were the fashion. This more nature friendly form of farming produces less meat than if all the fields were being grazed to the maximum and supplementary feeding was implemented to make up for any shortfall in nutrition, but it's so much better for wildlife and the environment and produces far fewer greenhouse gases than if it were dependent on machinery, artificial fertilisers, pesticides and herbicides. Healthy grassland absorbs more CO2 than overgrazed pasture. A more natural diet with a wider range of fodder plants could even result in better digestion for the livestock and less methane production. 

Moreover, large, intensive farms produce vast quantities of slurry, which can easily wash into rivers adding to the problems caused by the excessive amount of untreated sewage currently pouring into them. This increases the risk of diseases spreading to humans, other mammals, birds, insects and all other wildlife. I understand that it's thought possible that industrial scale poultry farms have helped to spread bird flu. Slurry finding its way into rivers can result in people who swim in them picking up diseases such as E.coli. 

More Food from Plants

If we want to be healthier we are encouraged to eat more vegetables and fruit and other food from plants such as beans, peas and lentils, nuts and grains. Eating less meat also helps to reduce climate change and keep our environment healthier, so basing a lot of our meals on vegetables, pulses, grains and nuts benefits everyone except those with intensive livestock farms. Cashews are great in stir fries and some curries. There are also lots of delicious curries, stews and soups using pulses instead of meat and fish.

Eating less meat doesn't mean eating no meat. You can have beans with a little bit of beef in chilli con carne or you can enjoy a meat free, three bean chilli, which is just as tasty in my opinion, and have the occasional meat based meal. The same applies to everything else. You don't have to become a vegan to make a difference. If everyone in the world ate half the amount of meat they do at the moment, then half the land used to raise livestock currently could be returned to nature and no more virgin forest or ancient woodlands or meadows would need to be destroyed for pasture or to build industrial scale farm units on.

Eat Pulses to Save Money

Eating pulses like peas, chickpeas, beans and lentils is usually cheaper than eating meat. To save money my mum would regularly make lentil soup, especially in the cooler months. Dhals and chilli made with beans but not meat are also cheap and easy to make if you prefer your food on the spicy side. By eating cheaper pulses some of the time you will be able to choose higher welfare meat raised in more environmentally friendly ways when you do eat meat.

So it's worth experimenting with some meat free meals for your health and the health of the planet, and maybe even for the health of your bank balance. What's your favourite meat free meal? Let us know in the comments

Helping Insects Helps Us All

Painted Lady Butterfly on Hidcote Pink Penstemon
in author's garden, August 2021

Humans Need Nature

Many plants and animals are struggling because of climate change.  Some are in danger of going extinct, yet we all depend on them to help us stop climate change getting worse.

Plants have a central role in regulating our climate, which is why we need large numbers of many different plants to mitigate global warming and keep our environment healthy.  All plants absorb CO2, not just trees. 

The destruction of the Earth’s vegetation, by felling forests,  draining wet lands, building on scrub and grassland etc is making global warming worse. If we don't stop the destruction we will suffer even greater climate change than we are already. All kinds of animals have helped to create these landscapes and keep them healthy. Insects alone play a crucial role.

We Need Insects

‘If we and the rest of the back-boned animals were to disappear overnight, the rest of the world would get on pretty well. But if the invertebrates were to disappear, the world’s ecosystems would collapse.’ -  Sir David Attenborough

Almost 90% of the world's wild plants depend on animal pollination as do 75% of the most important crops globally. 

Over 100,000 invertebrates, including ants, bees, butterflies, beetles, flies, moths and wasps, along with more than a thousand mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians take on the job of pollinating plants. This biodiverse group of wildlife buzzes, flutters, and creeps from plant to plant, dining on protein-rich pollen and high-energy nectar. As they move, they transport and deposit pollen, fertilizing plants and allowing those plants to reproduce.

If we destroy insects and other invertebrates by destroying their habitats and poisoning them with pesticides, weedkillers and any other toxic chemicals they won't be able to keep the flowers that depend on them alive. It will also make it difficult to grow many crops. 

Birds, bats and many other animals depend on invertebrates for food. This is another reason why there needs to be an abundant supply. All life depends on all other life. If too many creatures go extinct we will all start to feel the affects.  

This is why we need sweeping reforms of how all land is managed, from large farms and estates to local parks and roadside verges. Until that happens all ordinary individuals can change is what happens in our gardens or any other outdoor space we manage, even if it's only a window box.

Giving Back to Wildlife

You might have heard of No Mow May. The idea behind this initiative from Plantlife is to encourage as many people as possible to leave a suitable area of grass to grow long, preferably all Summer, to allow wildflowers to grow and set seed, but also to enable insects and other animals which live in long grass, and wildflower meadows to thrive. When we are able to do this in part of our gardens, we are helping to replace the meadows and grasslands, which have been destroyed to make way for human "progress" over the last centuries. Our own houses might well have been built on them. 

My parents always bought new houses, so all the homes I inhabited as a child were probably built on natural or semi-natural spaces. The house I have returned to live in was built on erstwhile strawberry fields, but before that it might have been meadow or more likely woodland as there was a small copse nearby when I was growing up, now mostly built on. Many of the fields of my childhood have been built on too, some very recently. A growing population does need somewhere to live, but it would be good if all of us could give something back to help nature, which is why I've been letting my lawn grow long and doing other things to help pollinators.

In my last garden I finally persuaded my husband to stop using weedkillers and pesticides after living in the house for ten years. We noticed the difference within a year or two. There were a lot more birds, bees ad butterflies in the garden and grasshoppers became noticeable in the grass. More recently we started letting part of the lawn grow long there and stopped pulling out all the weeds. During lockdown I noticed shield bugs on the garlic mustard. Some were hawthorn shield bugs, presumably attracted by the hawthorn in our established hedge, planted by previous owners. I also started noticing the different types of hoverflies and native bees.

Pollinators are very important insects, so here a some suggestions for how we can help them:

How to Help Pollinators

1. Leave some grass to grow long over the Summer, if possible.
2. Don't use pesticides or herbicides, both of which can kill insects & other invertebrates and are very probably harmful to humans, pets and other animals too.
3. Grow different types of flowers, some flat shapes like Daisies and Verbena bonariensus, bell shapes, tube shapes like Penstemons, Foxgloves and Fuchsia, spikes like Lavender, Nepeta and Salvias etc. Different insects are different sizes and have different types of tongues.
4. If you don't have a garden you could grow smaller varieties in a window box or pot.
5. Deadhead flowers, mulch with organic compost, and water well to keep the plants healthy and flowering for longer.
6. Try to provide flowers from early Spring through to late Autumn.
7. Leave corners of your garden to provide habitats.
8. Buy peat Free Compost. Peat bogs are home to many special animals and plants, including the Large Heath butterfly, which is declining across Europe. There are now good alternatives to peat available from garden centres.
9. Join in the Great Big Butterfly Count, an event organised by the Butterfly Conservation Trust which is happening now until the 6th August this year. It happens around the same time every year to monitor the state of the UK's declining butterfly population.

Are you doing some of these things already? Perhaps you'd like to pass on some tips. What else can we do to help pollinators and other insects? Let us know in the comments.